Seventeen “Slave States” With De Jure Dual-School Systems???

[solutions]

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Subject: Seventeen “Slave States” With De Jure Dual-School Systems???
From: Solutions
Date: Thu December 21, 2023 1:14 pm PST
To: ReadingLiberally-SaltLake@johnkarls.com
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Dear John,

I have just read your Suggested Answers to the First Short Quiz that you posted earlier today and realized that whenever you refer to your experience during the Summer of 1966 (please see Q&A-5), you always claim that there were “seventeen” states that had de jure dual-school systems.

On the other hand, while Google searches confirm that 11 states joined the old confederacy, the various hits for “slave states” typically claim there were only 13 slave states and none of the hits range as high as 17.

Could you please explain the discrepancy?

Your friend,

Solutions


---------------------------- Original Message -----------------------------
Subject: Re: Seventeen “Slave States” With De Jure Dual-School Systems???
From: ReadingLiberally-SaltLake@johnkarls.com
Date: Thu December 21, 2023 9:47 pm MST
To: Solutions
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Dear Solutions,

Thank you very much for your e-mail.


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The Abomination Of The De Jure Dual-School Systems – Brown v. Board of Education (S.Ct. 1954)


I hope that all of the attempts to re-write history never erase this stain!!!

And let’s not get confused by America’s and the World’s “Modern Slavery” in which the United Nations’ quarter-century “War on Modern Slavery” discloses, inter alia, (1) that trafficking human slaves is more profitable for organized crime than guns or illegal drugs, (2) that at least twice as many people are currently trapped in slavery as were traded throughout the 350 years of the transatlantic slave industry, and (3) that the retail price of a slave delivered in the U.S. was only (as of our 9/18/2019 meeting which focused on the UN’s “War on Modern Slavery”) only $5,250 which had unleashed such incredible demand for sex slaves (vs. those purchased for such things as organ harvesting) that the average price of a sex act in American whore houses had plummeted to $27.50.

Sorry for that sermon, but I never miss a chance to preach it!!!

Even if, in your case, I know I am “preaching to the choir”!!!

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De Jure Dual-School Systems and Brown v. Board

In the old slave states, African-Americans who didn’t live on plantations or in their masters’ mansions, typically lived in the same neighborhoods as the wealthy masters whom they served.

However, their children were not permitted to attend the same schools as non-African Americans.

Under the Supreme Court’s notorious 1896 “separate but equal” decision in Plessy vs. Ferguson, segregation in any situation was blessed.

But the de jure dual-schools of the old slave states were SEPARATE but definitely NOT EQUAL!!!

It would break your heart to have seen the physical condition of the African-American schools – and this was only during the summer of 1966 so we didn’t get to see their performance during the 9-month school year.

The Supreme Court’s 9-0 decision in Brown v. Board (1954) which was brought by Oliver Brown and 13 other plaintiffs protesting the segregated schools (Plessy v. Ferguson involved segregation on railroad trains) who were represented by Thurgood Marshall (at that time, the Chief Counsel of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund) – FAMOUSLY RULED THAT SEPARATE IS INHERENTLY UNEQUAL!!!

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The De Facto Revocation of Brown v. Board

As we have studied many times, Brown v. Board was effectively reversed by the Supreme Court in its 2007 decision in Parents v. Seattle School District No. 1.

It held that school segregation was just “hunky dory” so long as it reflected segregated housing patterns!!!

Shame on Chief Justice John Roberts who wrote the majority opinion!!!


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The Number of Slave States


Yes, you are correct that I always say that the Summer of 1966 US Gov Task Force was tasked with combating the de jure dual-school systems in SEVENTEEN slave states.

[Our Task Force was divided into 17 groups, each focused on one of the 17 states. My focus was North Carolina and I am sure you are tired of hearing how in Bertie County I was within seconds of being assassinated, so I will spare you this time.]

At the time of Brown v. Board in 1954, dual-school systems were required by law (the meaning of “de jure”) in 17 states –

Alabama *
Arkansas *
Delaware
Florida *
Georgia *
Kentucky
Louisiana *
Maryland
Mississippi *
Missouri
North Carolina *
Oklahoma
South Carolina *
Tennessee *
Texas *
Virginia *
West Virginia

[The eleven confederate states are indicated by asterisks.]

Yes, only 6 of the 17 remained in the Union.

Possible reasons for confusion –

(1) When Virginia seceded to join the confederacy, the western portion of Virginia seceded from Virginia to remain in the Union as West Virginia.

(2) At the time of the Civil War, Oklahoma was not yet a state – it was still a territory until 1907 statehood.

BTW, at the time of Brown v. Board in 1954, there were only 48 states (Alaska acquired statehood 1/3/1959 and Hawaii 8/21/1959) – and the status of the other 31 (48 minus 17) vis-à-vis “de jure” dual-school systems in 1954 was --

Optional or limited – 4 states

Arizona
Kansas
New Mexico
Wyoming

No legislation – 10 states

Maine
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
North Dakoda
Oregon
South Dakoda
Utah
Vermont

Forbidden – 17 states

California
Colorado
Connecticut
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Washington
Wisconsin


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Valediction

Thank you again for your e-mail.

Sorry if I “garbaged” you with TMI.

But for me this topic is painful so I didn’t want to risk having to re-visit it if you had more Q’s.

Your friend,

John K.